Chapter I

BUCCANEERS AND MAROONERS OF THE SPANISH MAIN

JUST above the northwestern shore of the old island of
Hispaniola--the Santo Domingo of our day--and separated from it
only by a narrow channel of some five or six miles in width, lies
a queer little hunch of an island, known, because of a distant
resemblance to that animal, as the Tortuga de Mar, or sea turtle.
It is not more than twenty miles in length by perhaps seven or
eight in breadth; it is only a little spot of land, and as you
look at it upon the map a pin's head would almost cover it; yet
from that spot, as from a center of inflammation, a burning fire
of human wickedness and ruthlessness and lust overran the world,
and spread terror and death throughout the Spanish West Indies,
from St. Augustine to the island of Trinidad, and from Panama to
the coasts of Peru.

About the middle of the seventeenth century certain French
adventurers set out from the fortified island of St. Christopher
in longboats and hoys, directing their course to the westward,
there to discover new islands. Sighting Hispaniola "with
abundance of joy," they landed, and went into the country, where
they found great quantities of wild cattle, horses, and swine.

Now vessels on the return voyage to Europe from the West Indies
needed revictualing, and food, especially flesh, was at a premium
in the islands of the Spanish Main; wherefore a great profit was
to be turned in preserving beef and pork, and selling the flesh
to homeward-bound vessels.

The northwestern shore of Hispaniola, lying as it does at the
eastern outlet of the old Bahama Channel, running between the
island of Cuba and the great Bahama Banks, lay almost in the very
main stream of travel. The pioneer Frenchmen were not slow to
discover the double advantage to be reaped from the wild cattle
that cost them nothing to procure, and a market for the flesh
ready found for them. So down upon Hispaniola they came by
boatloads and shiploads, gathering like a swarm of mosquitoes,
and overrunning the whole western end of the island. There they
established themselves, spending the time alternately in hunting
the wild cattle and buccanning[1] the meat, and squandering
their hardly earned gains in wild debauchery, the opportunities
for which were never lacking in the Spanish West Indies.

[1] Buccanning, by which the "buccaneers" gained their name, was
of process of curing thin strips of meat by salting, smoking, and
drying in the sun.

At first the Spaniards thought nothing of the few travel-worn
Frenchmen who dragged their longboats and hoys up on the beach,
and shot a wild bullock or two to keep body and soul together;
but when the few grew to dozens, and the dozens to scores, and
the scores to hundreds, it was a very different matter, and
wrathful grumblings and mutterings began to be heard among the
original settlers.

But of this the careless buccaneers thought never a whit, the
only thing that troubled them being the lack of a more convenient
shipping point than the main island afforded them.

This lack was at last filled by a party of hunters who ventured
across the narrow channel that separated the main island from
Tortuga. Here they found exactly what they needed--a good
harbor, just at the junction of the Windward Channel with the old
Bahama Channel--a spot where four- fifths of the Spanish-Indian
trade would pass by their very wharves.

There were a few Spaniards upon the island, but they were a quiet
folk, and well disposed to make friends with the strangers; but
when more Frenchmen and still more Frenchmen crossed the narrow
channel, until they overran the Tortuga and turned it into one
great curing house for the beef which they shot upon the
neighboring island, the Spaniards grew restive over the matter,
just as they had done upon the larger island.

Accordingly, one fine day there came half a dozen great boatloads
of armed Spaniards, who landed upon the Turtle's Back and sent
the Frenchmen flying to the woods and fastnesses of rocks as the
chaff flies before the thunder gust. That night the Spaniards
drank themselves mad and shouted themselves hoarse over their
victory, while the beaten Frenchmen sullenly paddled their canoes
back to the main island again, and the Sea Turtle was Spanish
once more.

But the Spaniards were not contented with such a petty triumph as
that of sweeping the island of Tortuga free from the obnoxious
strangers, down upon Hispaniola they came, flushed with their
easy victory, and determined to root out every Frenchman, until
not one single buccaneer remained. For a time they had an easy
thing of it, for each French hunter roamed the woods by himself,
with no better company than his half-wild dogs, so that when two
or three Spaniards would meet such a one, he seldom if ever came
out of the woods again, for even his resting place was lost.

But the very success of the Spaniards brought their ruin along
with it, for the buccaneers began to combine together for
self-protection, and out of that combination arose a strange
union of lawless man with lawless man, so near, so close, that it
can scarce be compared to any other than that of husband and
wife. When two entered upon this comradeship, articles were drawn
up and signed by both parties, a common stock was made of all
their possessions, and out into the woods they went to seek their
fortunes; thenceforth they were as one man; they lived together
by day, they slept together by night; what one suffered, the
other suffered; what one gained, the other gained. The only
separation that came betwixt them was death, and then the
survivor inherited all that the other left. And now it was
another thing with Spanish buccaneer hunting, for two buccaneers,
reckless of life, quick of eye, and true of aim, were worth any
half dozen of Spanish islanders.

By and by, as the French became more strongly organized for
mutual self- protection, they assumed the offensive. Then down
they came upon Tortuga, and now it was the turn of the Spanish to
be hunted off the island like vermin, and the turn of the French
to shout their victory.

Having firmly established themselves, a governor was sent to the
French of Tortuga, one M. le Passeur, from the island of St.
Christopher; the Sea Turtle was fortified, and colonists,
consisting of men of doubtful character and women of whose
character there could be no doubt whatever, began pouring in upon
the island, for it was said that the buccaneers thought no more
of a doubloon than of a Lima bean, so that this was the place for
the brothel and the brandy shop to reap their golden harvest, and
the island remained French.

Hitherto the Tortugans had been content to gain as much as
possible from the homeward-bound vessels through the orderly
channels of legitimate trade. It was reserved for Pierre le Grand
to introduce piracy as a quicker and more easy road to wealth
than the semi-honest exchange they had been used to practice.

Gathering together eight-and-twenty other spirits as hardy and
reckless as himself, he put boldly out to sea in a boat hardly
large enough to hold his crew, and running down the Windward
Channel and out into the Caribbean Sea, he lay in wait for such a
prize as might be worth the risks of winning.

For a while their luck was steadily against them; their
provisions and water began to fail, and they saw nothing before
them but starvation or a humiliating return. In this extremity
they sighted a Spanish ship belonging to a "flota" which had
become separated from her consorts.

The boat in which the buccaneers sailed might, perhaps, have
served for the great ship's longboat; the Spaniards out-numbered
them three to one, and Pierre and his men were armed only with
pistols and cutlasses; nevertheless this was their one and their
only chance, and they determined to take the Spanish ship or to
die in the attempt. Down upon the Spaniard they bore through the
dusk of the night, and giving orders to the "chirurgeon" to
scuttle their craft under them as they were leaving it, they
swarmed up the side of the unsuspecting ship and upon its decks
in a torrent--pistol in one hand and cutlass in the other. A
part of them ran to the gun room and secured the arms and
ammunition, pistoling or cutting down all such as stood in their
way or offered opposition; the other party burst into the great
cabin at the heels of Pierre le Grand, found the captain and a
party of his friends at cards, set a pistol to his breast, and
demanded him to deliver up the ship. Nothing remained for the
Spaniard but to yield, for there was no alternative between
surrender and death. And so the great prize was won.

It was not long before the news of this great exploit and of the
vast treasure gained reached the ears of the buccaneers of
Tortuga and Hispaniola. Then what a hubbub and an uproar and a
tumult there was! Hunting wild cattle and buccanning the meat was
at a discount, and the one and only thing to do was to go
a-pirating; for where one such prize had been won, others were to
be had.

In a short time freebooting assumed all of the routine of a
regular business. Articles were drawn up betwixt captain and
crew, compacts were sealed, and agreements entered into by the
one party and the other.

In all professions there are those who make their mark, those who
succeed only moderately well, and those who fail more or less
entirely. Nor did pirating differ from this general rule, for in
it were men who rose to distinction, men whose names, something
tarnished and rusted by the lapse of years, have come down even
to us of the present day.

Pierre Francois, who, with his boatload of six-and-twenty
desperadoes, ran boldly into the midst of the pearl fleet off the
coast of South America, attacked the vice admiral under the very
guns of two men-of-war, captured his ship, though she was armed
with eight guns and manned with threescore men, and would have
got her safely away, only that having to put on sail, their
mainmast went by the board, whereupon the men-of-war came up with
them, and the prize was lost.

But even though there were two men-of-war against all that
remained of six-and-twenty buccaneers, the Spaniards were glad
enough to make terms with them for the surrender of the vessel,
whereby Pierre Francois and his men came off scot-free.

Bartholomew Portuguese was a worthy of even more note. In a boat
manned with thirty fellow adventurers he fell upon a great ship
off Cape Corrientes, manned with threescore and ten men, all told.

Her he assaulted again and again, beaten off with the very
pressure of numbers only to renew the assault, until the
Spaniards who survived, some fifty in all, surrendered to twenty
living pirates, who poured upon their decks like a score of
blood-stained, powder-grimed devils.

They lost their vessel by recapture, and Bartholomew Portuguese
barely escaped with his life through a series of almost
unbelievable adventures. But no sooner had he fairly escaped from
the clutches of the Spaniards than, gathering together another
band of adventurers, he fell upon the very same vessel in the
gloom of the night, recaptured her when she rode at anchor in the
harbor of Campeche under the guns of the fort, slipped the cable,
and was away without the loss of a single man. He lost her in a
hurricane soon afterward, just off the Isle of Pines; but the
deed was none the less daring for all that.

Another notable no less famous than these two worthies was Roch
Braziliano, the truculent Dutchman who came up from the coast of
Brazil to the Spanish Main with a name ready-made for him. Upon
the very first adventure which he undertook he captured a plate
ship of fabulous value, and brought her safely into Jamaica; and
when at last captured by the Spaniards, he fairly frightened them
into letting him go by truculent threats of vengeance from his
followers.

Such were three of the pirate buccaneers who infested the Spanish
Main. There were hundreds no less desperate, no less reckless,
no less insatiate in their lust for plunder, than they.

The effects of this freebooting soon became apparent. The risks
to be assumed by the owners of vessels and the shippers of
merchandise became so enormous that Spanish commerce was
practically swept away from these waters. No vessel dared to
venture out of port excepting under escort of powerful
men-of-war, and even then they were not always secure from
molestation. Exports from Central and South America were sent to
Europe by way of the Strait of Magellan, and little or none went
through the passes between the Bahamas and the Caribbees.

So at last "buccaneering," as it had come to be generically
called, ceased to pay the vast dividends that it had done at
first. The cream was skimmed off, and only very thin milk was
left in the dish. Fabulous fortunes were no longer earned in a
ten days' cruise, but what money was won hardly paid for the
risks of the winning. There must be a new departure, or
buccaneering would cease to exist.

Then arose one who showed the buccaneers a new way to squeeze
money out of the Spaniards. This man was an Englishman--Lewis
Scot.

The stoppage of commerce on the Spanish Main had naturally tended
to accumulate all the wealth gathered and produced into the chief
fortified cities and towns of the West Indies. As there no
longer existed prizes upon the sea, they must be gained upon the
land, if they were to be gained at all. Lewis Scot was the first
to appreciate this fact.

Gathering together a large and powerful body of men as hungry for
plunder and as desperate as himself, he descended upon the town
of Campeche, which he captured and sacked, stripping it of
everything that could possibly be carried away.

When the town was cleared to the bare walls Scot threatened to
set the torch to every house in the place if it was not ransomed
by a large sum of money which he demanded. With this booty he set
sail for Tortuga, where he arrived safely--and the problem was
solved.

After him came one Mansvelt, a buccaneer of lesser note, who
first made a descent upon the isle of Saint Catharine, now Old
Providence, which he took, and, with this as a base, made an
unsuccessful descent upon Neuva Granada and Cartagena. His name
might not have been handed down to us along with others of
greater fame had he not been the master of that most apt of pupils,
the great Captain Henry Morgan, most famous of all the buccaneers,
one time governor of Jamaica, and knighted by King Charles II.

After Mansvelt followed the bold John Davis, native of Jamaica,
where he sucked in the lust of piracy with his mother's milk.
With only fourscore men, he swooped down upon the great city of
Nicaragua in the darkness of the night, silenced the sentry with
the thrust of a knife, and then fell to pillaging the churches
and houses "without any respect or veneration."

Of course it was but a short time until the whole town was in an
uproar of alarm, and there was nothing left for the little
handful of men to do but to make the best of their way to their
boats. They were in the town but a short time, but in that time
they were able to gather together and to carry away money and
jewels to the value of fifty thousand pieces of eight, besides
dragging off with them a dozen or more notable prisoners, whom
they held for ransom.

And now one appeared upon the scene who reached a far greater
height than any had arisen to before. This was Francois
l'Olonoise, who sacked the great city of Maracaibo and the town
of Gibraltar. Cold, unimpassioned, pitiless, his sluggish blood
was never moved by one single pulse of human warmth, his icy
heart was never touched by one ray of mercy or one spark of pity
for the hapless wretches who chanced to fall into his bloody hands.

Against him the governor of Havana sent out a great war vessel,
and with it a negro executioner, so that there might be no
inconvenient delays of law after the pirates had been captured.
But l'Olonoise did not wait for the coming of the war vessel; he
went out to meet it, and he found it where it lay riding at
anchor in the mouth of the river Estra. At the dawn of the
morning he made his attack sharp, unexpected, decisive. In a
little while the Spaniards were forced below the hatches, and the
vessel was taken. Then came the end. One by one the poor
shrieking wretches were dragged up from below, and one by one
they were butchered in cold blood, while l'Olonoise stood upon
the poop deck and looked coldly down upon what was being done.
Among the rest the negro was dragged upon the deck. He begged and
implored that his life might be spared, promising to tell all
that might be asked of him. L'Olonoise questioned him, and when
he had squeezed him dry, waved his hand coldly, and the poor
black went with the rest. Only one man was spared; him he sent to
the governor of Havana with a message that henceforth he would
give no quarter to any Spaniard whom he might meet in arms--a
message which was not an empty threat.

The rise of l'Olonoise was by no means rapid. He worked his way
up by dint of hard labor and through much ill fortune. But by and
by, after many reverses, the tide turned, and carried him with
it from one success to another, without let or stay, to the bitter end.

Cruising off Maracaibo, he captured a rich prize laden with a
vast amount of plate and ready money, and there conceived the
design of descending upon the powerful town of Maracaibo itself.
Without loss of time he gathered together five hundred picked
scoundrels from Tortuga, and taking with him one Michael de Basco
as land captain, and two hundred more buccaneers whom he
commanded, down he came into the Gulf of Venezuela and upon the
doomed city like a blast of the plague. Leaving their vessels,
the buccaneers made a land attack upon the fort that stood at the
mouth of the inlet that led into Lake Maracaibo and guarded the city.

The Spaniards held out well, and fought with all the might that
Spaniards possess; but after a fight of three hours all was given
up and the garrison fled, spreading terror and confusion before
them. As many of the inhabitants of the city as could do so
escaped in boats to Gibraltar, which lies to the southward, on
the shores of Lake Maracaibo, at the distance of some forty
leagues or more.

Then the pirates marched into the town, and what followed may be
conceived. It was a holocaust of lust, of passion, and of blood
such as even the Spanish West Indies had never seen before.
Houses and churches were sacked until nothing was left but the
bare walls; men and women were tortured to compel them to
disclose where more treasure lay hidden.

Then, having wrenched all that they could from Maracaibo, they
entered the lake and descended upon Gibraltar, where the rest of
the panic- stricken inhabitants were huddled together in a blind terror.

The governor of Merida, a brave soldier who had served his king
in Flanders, had gathered together a troop of eight hundred men,
had fortified the town, and now lay in wait for the coming of the
pirates. The pirates came all in good time, and then, in spite
of the brave defense, Gibraltar also fell. Then followed a
repetition of the scenes that had been enacted in Maracaibo for
the past fifteen days, only here they remained for four horrible
weeks, extorting money--money! ever money!--from the poor
poverty-stricken, pest-ridden souls crowded into that fever hole
of a town.

Then they left, but before they went they demanded still more
money--ten thousand pieces of eight--as a ransom for the town,
which otherwise should be given to the flames. There was some
hesitation on the part of the Spaniards, some disposition to
haggle, but there was no hesitation on the part of l'Olonoise.
The torch WAS set to the town as he had promised, whereupon the
money was promptly paid, and the pirates were piteously begged to
help quench the spreading flames. This they were pleased to do,
but in spite of all their efforts nearly half of the town was consumed.

After that they returned to Maracaibo again, where they demanded
a ransom of thirty thousand pieces of eight for the city. There
was no haggling here, thanks to the fate of Gibraltar; only it
was utterly impossible to raise that much money in all of the
poverty-stricken region. But at last the matter was compromised,
and the town was redeemed for twenty thousand pieces of eight and
five hundred head of cattle, and tortured Maracaibo was quit of them.

In the Ile de la Vache the buccaneers shared among themselves two
hundred and sixty thousand pieces of eight, besides jewels and
bales of silk and linen and miscellaneous plunder to a vast amount.

Such was the one great deed of l'Olonoise; from that time his
star steadily declined--for even nature seemed fighting against
such a monster--until at last he died a miserable, nameless death
at the hands of an unknown tribe of Indians upon the Isthmus of
Darien.

And now we come to the greatest of all the buccaneers, he who
stands pre- eminent among them, and whose name even to this day
is a charm to call up his deeds of daring, his dauntless courage,
his truculent cruelty, and his insatiate and unappeasable lust
for gold--Capt. Henry Morgan, the bold Welshman, who brought
buccaneering to the height and flower of its glory.

Having sold himself, after the manner of the times, for his
passage across the seas, he worked out his time of servitude at
the Barbados. As soon as he had regained his liberty he entered
upon the trade of piracy, wherein he soon reached a position of
considerable prominence. He was associated with Mansvelt at the
time of the latter's descent upon Saint Catharine's Isle, the
importance of which spot, as a center of operations against the
neighboring coasts, Morgan never lost sight of.

The first attempt that Capt. Henry Morgan ever made against any
town in the Spanish Indies was the bold descent upon the city of
Puerto del Principe in the island of Cuba, with a mere handful of
men. It was a deed the boldness of which has never been outdone
by any of a like nature--not even the famous attack upon Panama
itself. Thence they returned to their boats in the very face of
the whole island of Cuba, aroused and determined upon their
extermination. Not only did they make good their escape, but they
brought away with them a vast amount of plunder, computed at
three hundred thousand pieces of eight, besides five hundred head
of cattle and many prisoners held for ransom.

But when the division of all this wealth came to be made, lo!
there were only fifty thousand pieces of eight to be found. What
had become of the rest no man could tell but Capt. Henry Morgan
himself. Honesty among thieves was never an axiom with him.

Rude, truculent, and dishonest as Captain Morgan was, he seems to
have had a wonderful power of persuading the wild buccaneers
under him to submit everything to his judgment, and to rely
entirely upon his word. In spite of the vast sum of money that he
had very evidently made away with, recruits poured in upon him,
until his band was larger and better equipped than ever.

And now it was determined that the plunder harvest was ripe at
Porto Bello, and that city's doom was sealed. The town was
defended by two strong castles thoroughly manned, and officered
by as gallant a soldier as ever carried Toledo steel at his side.
But strong castles and gallant soldiers weighed not a barleycorn
with the buccaneers when their blood was stirred by the lust of gold.

Landing at Puerto Naso, a town some ten leagues westward of Porto
Bello, they marched to the latter town, and coming before the
castle, boldly demanded its surrender. It was refused, whereupon
Morgan threatened that no quarter should be given. Still
surrender was refused; and then the castle was attacked, and
after a bitter struggle was captured. Morgan was as good as his
word: every man in the castle was shut in the guard room, the
match was set to the powder magazine, and soldiers, castle, and
all were blown into the air, while through all the smoke and the
dust the buccaneers poured into the town. Still the governor held
out in the other castle, and might have made good his defense,
but that he was betrayed by the soldiers under him. Into the
castle poured the howling buccaneers. But still the governor
fought on, with his wife and daughter clinging to his knees and
beseeching him to surrender, and the blood from his wounded
forehead trickling down over his white collar, until a merciful
bullet put an end to the vain struggle.

Here were enacted the old scenes. Everything plundered that
could be taken, and then a ransom set upon the town itself.

This time an honest, or an apparently honest, division was made
of the spoils, which amounted to two hundred and fifty thousand
pieces of eight, besides merchandise and jewels.

The next towns to suffer were poor Maracaibo and Gibraltar, now
just beginning to recover from the desolation wrought by
l'Olonoise. Once more both towns were plundered of every bale of
merchandise and of every plaster, and once more both were
ransomed until everything was squeezed from the wretched
inhabitants.

Here affairs were like to have taken a turn, for when Captain
Morgan came up from Gibraltar he found three great men-of-war
lying in the entrance to the lake awaiting his coming. Seeing
that he was hemmed in in the narrow sheet of water, Captain
Morgan was inclined to compromise matters, even offering to
relinquish all the plunder he had gained if he were allowed to
depart in peace. But no; the Spanish admiral would hear nothing
of this. Having the pirates, as he thought, securely in his
grasp, he would relinquish nothing, but would sweep them from the
face of the sea once and forever.

That was an unlucky determination for the Spaniards to reach, for
instead of paralyzing the pirates with fear, as he expected it
would do, it simply turned their mad courage into as mad desperation.

A great vessel that they had taken with the town of Maracaibo was
converted into a fire ship, manned with logs of wood in montera
caps and sailor jackets, and filled with brimstone, pitch, and
palm leaves soaked in oil. Then out of the lake the pirates
sailed to meet the Spaniards, the fire ship leading the way, and
bearing down directly upon the admiral's vessel. At the helm
stood volunteers, the most desperate and the bravest of all the
pirate gang, and at the ports stood the logs of wood in montera
caps. So they came up with the admiral, and grappled with his
ship in spite of the thunder of all his great guns, and then the
Spaniard saw, all too late, what his opponent really was.

He tried to swing loose, but clouds of smoke and almost instantly
a mass of roaring flames enveloped both vessels, and the admiral
was lost. The second vessel, not wishing to wait for the coming
of the pirates, bore down upon the fort, under the guns of which
the cowardly crew sank her, and made the best of their way to the
shore. The third vessel, not having an opportunity to escape,
was taken by the pirates without the slightest resistance, and
the passage from the lake was cleared. So the buccaneers sailed
away, leaving Maracaibo and Gibraltar prostrate a second time.

And now Captain Morgan determined to undertake another venture,
the like of which had never been equaled in all of the annals of
buccaneering. This was nothing less than the descent upon and the
capture of Panama, which was, next to Cartagena, perhaps, the
most powerful and the most strongly fortified city in the West Indies.

In preparation for this venture he obtained letters of marque
from the governor of Jamaica, by virtue of which elastic
commission he began immediately to gather around him all material
necessary for the undertaking.

When it became known abroad that the great Captain Morgan was
about undertaking an adventure that was to eclipse all that was
ever done before, great numbers came flocking to his standard,
until he had gathered together an army of two thousand or more
desperadoes and pirates wherewith to prosecute his adventure,
albeit the venture itself was kept a total secret from everyone.
Port Couillon, in the island of Hispaniola, over against the Ile
de la Vache, was the place of muster, and thither the motley band
gathered from all quarters. Provisions had been plundered from
the mainland wherever they could be obtained, and by the 24th of
October, 1670 (O. S.), everything was in readiness.

The island of Saint Catharine, as it may be remembered, was at
one time captured by Mansvelt, Morgan's master in his trade of
piracy. It had been retaken by the Spaniards, and was now
thoroughly fortified by them. Almost the first attempt that
Morgan had made as a master pirate was the retaking of Saint
Catharine's Isle. In that undertaking he had failed; but now, as
there was an absolute need of some such place as a base of
operations, he determined that the place must be taken. And it
was taken.

The Spaniards, during the time of their possession, had fortified
it most thoroughly and completely, and had the governor thereof
been as brave as he who met his death in the castle of Porto
Bello, there might have been a different tale to tell. As it was,
he surrendered it in a most cowardly fashion, merely stipulating
that there should be a sham attack by the buccaneers, whereby his
credit might be saved. And so Saint Catharine was won.

The next step to be taken was the capture of the castle of
Chagres, which guarded the mouth of the river of that name, up
which river the buccaneers would be compelled to transport their
troops and provisions for the attack upon the city of Panama.
This adventure was undertaken by four hundred picked men under
command of Captain Morgan himself.

The castle of Chagres, known as San Lorenzo by the Spaniards,
stood upon the top of an abrupt rock at the mouth of the river,
and was one of the strongest fortresses for its size in all of
the West Indies. This stronghold Morgan must have if he ever
hoped to win Panama.

The attack of the castle and the defense of it were equally
fierce, bloody, and desperate. Again and again the buccaneers
assaulted, and again and again they were beaten back. So the
morning came, and it seemed as though the pirates had been
baffled this time. But just at this juncture the thatch of palm
leaves on the roofs of some of the buildings inside the
fortifications took fire, a conflagration followed, which caused
the explosion of one of the magazines, and in the paralysis of
terror that followed, the pirates forced their way into the
fortifications, and the castle was won. Most of the Spaniards
flung themselves from the castle walls into the river or upon the
rocks beneath, preferring death to capture and possible torture;
many who were left were put to the sword, and some few were
spared and held as prisoners.

So fell the castle of Chagres, and nothing now lay between the
buccaneers and the city of Panama but the intervening and
trackless forests.

And now the name of the town whose doom was sealed was no secret.

Up the river of Chagres went Capt. Henry Morgan and twelve
hundred men, packed closely in their canoes; they never stopped,
saving now and then to rest their stiffened legs, until they had
come to a place known as Cruz de San Juan Gallego, where they
were compelled to leave their boats on account of the shallowness
of the water.

Leaving a guard of one hundred and sixty men to protect their
boats as a place of refuge in case they should be worsted before
Panama, they turned and plunged into the wilderness before them.

There a more powerful foe awaited them than a host of Spaniards
with match, powder, and lead--starvation. They met but little or
no opposition in their progress; but wherever they turned they
found every fiber of meat, every grain of maize, every ounce of
bread or meal, swept away or destroyed utterly before them. Even
when the buccaneers had successfully overcome an ambuscade or an
attack, and had sent the Spaniards flying, the fugitives took the
time to strip their dead comrades of every grain of food in their
leathern sacks, leaving nothing but the empty bags.

Says the narrator of these events, himself one of the expedition,
"They afterward fell to eating those leathern bags, as affording
something to the ferment of their stomachs."

Ten days they struggled through this bitter privation, doggedly
forcing their way onward, faint with hunger and haggard with
weakness and fever. Then, from the high hill and over the tops of
the forest trees, they saw the steeples of Panama, and nothing
remained between them and their goal but the fighting of four
Spaniards to every one of them--a simple thing which they had
done over and over again.

Down they poured upon Panama, and out came the Spaniards to meet
them; four hundred horse, two thousand five hundred foot, and two
thousand wild bulls which had been herded together to be driven
over the buccaneers so that their ranks might be disordered and
broken. The buccaneers were only eight hundred strong; the others
had either fallen in battle or had dropped along the dreary
pathway through the wilderness; but in the space of two hours the
Spaniards were flying madly over the plain, minus six hundred who
lay dead or dying behind them.

As for the bulls, as many of them as were shot served as food
there and then for the half-famished pirates, for the buccaneers
were never more at home than in the slaughter of cattle.

Then they marched toward the city. Three hours' more fighting
and they were in the streets, howling, yelling, plundering,
gorging, dram- drinking, and giving full vent to all the vile and
nameless lusts that burned in their hearts like a hell of fire.
And now followed the usual sequence of events--rapine, cruelty,
and extortion; only this time there was no town to ransom, for
Morgan had given orders that it should be destroyed. The torch
was set to it, and Panama, one of the greatest cities in the New
World, was swept from the face of the earth. Why the deed was
done, no man but Morgan could tell. Perhaps it was that all the
secret hiding places for treasure might be brought to light; but
whatever the reason was, it lay hidden in the breast of the great
buccaneer himself. For three weeks Morgan and his men abode in
this dreadful place; and they marched away with ONE HUNDRED AND
SEVENTY-FIVE beasts of burden loaded with treasures of gold and
silver and jewels, besides great quantities of merchandise, and
six hundred prisoners held for ransom.

Whatever became of all that vast wealth, and what it amounted to,
no man but Morgan ever knew, for when a division was made it was found
that there was only TWO HUNDRED PIECES OF EIGHT TO EACH MAN.

When this dividend was declared a howl of execration went up,
under which even Capt. Henry Morgan quailed. At night he and
four other commanders slipped their cables and ran out to sea,
and it was said that these divided the greater part of the booty
among themselves. But the wealth plundered at Panama could
hardly have fallen short of a million and a half of dollars.
Computing it at this reasonable figure, the various prizes won by
Henry Morgan in the West Indies would stand as follows: Panama,
$1,500,000; Porto Bello, $800,000; Puerto del Principe, $700,000;
Maracaibo and Gibraltar, $400,000; various piracies,
$250,000--making a grand total of $3,650,000 as the vast harvest
of plunder. With this fabulous wealth, wrenched from the
Spaniards by means of the rack and the cord, and pilfered from
his companions by the meanest of thieving, Capt. Henry Morgan
retired from business, honored of all, rendered famous by his
deeds, knighted by the good King Charles II, and finally
appointed governor of the rich island of Jamaica.

Other buccaneers followed him. Campeche was taken and sacked,
and even Cartagena itself fell; but with Henry Morgan culminated
the glory of the buccaneers, and from that time they declined in
power and wealth and wickedness until they were finally swept away.

The buccaneers became bolder and bolder. In fact, so daring were
their crimes that the home governments, stirred at last by these
outrageous barbarities, seriously undertook the suppression of
the freebooters, lopping and trimming the main trunk until its
members were scattered hither and thither, and it was thought
that the organization was exterminated. But, so far from being
exterminated, the individual members were merely scattered north,
south, east, and west, each forming a nucleus around which
gathered and clustered the very worst of the offscouring of humanity.

The result was that when the seventeenth century was fairly
packed away with its lavender in the store chest of the past, a
score or more bands of freebooters were cruising along the
Atlantic seaboard in armed vessels, each with a black flag with
its skull and crossbones at the fore, and with a nondescript crew
made up of the tags and remnants of civilized and semicivilized
humanity (white, black, red, and yellow), known generally as
marooners, swarming upon the decks below.

Nor did these offshoots from the old buccaneer stem confine their
depredations to the American seas alone; the East Indies and the
African coast also witnessed their doings, and suffered from
them, and even the Bay of Biscay had good cause to remember more
than one visit from them.

Worthy sprigs from so worthy a stem improved variously upon the
parent methods; for while the buccaneers were content to prey
upon the Spaniards alone, the marooners reaped the harvest from
the commerce of all nations.

So up and down the Atlantic seaboard they cruised, and for the
fifty years that marooning was in the flower of its glory it was
a sorrowful time for the coasters of New England, the middle
provinces, and the Virginias, sailing to the West Indies with
their cargoes of salt fish, grain, and tobacco. Trading became
almost as dangerous as privateering, and sea captains were chosen
as much for their knowledge of the flintlock and the cutlass as
for their seamanship.

As by far the largest part of the trading in American waters was
conducted by these Yankee coasters, so by far the heaviest blows,
and those most keenly felt, fell upon them. Bulletin after
bulletin came to port with its doleful tale of this vessel burned
or that vessel scuttled, this one held by the pirates for their
own use or that one stripped of its goods and sent into port as
empty as an eggshell from which the yolk had been sucked. Boston,
New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston suffered alike, and worthy
ship owners had to leave off counting their losses upon their
fingers and take to the slate to keep the dismal record.

"Maroon--to put ashore on a desert isle, as a sailor, under
pretense of having committed some great crime." Thus our good
Noah Webster gives us the dry bones, the anatomy, upon which the
imagination may construct a specimen to suit itself.

It is thence that the marooners took their name, for marooning
was one of their most effective instruments of punishment or
revenge. If a pirate broke one of the many rules which governed
the particular band to which he belonged, he was marooned; did a
captain defend his ship to such a degree as to be unpleasant to
the pirates attacking it, he was marooned; even the pirate
captain himself, if he displeased his followers by the severity
of his rule, was in danger of having the same punishment visited
upon him which he had perhaps more than once visited upon another.

The process of marooning was as simple as terrible. A suitable
place was chosen (generally some desert isle as far removed as
possible from the pathway of commerce), and the condemned man was
rowed from the ship to the beach. Out he was bundled upon the
sand spit; a gun, a half dozen bullets, a few pinches of powder,
and a bottle of water were chucked ashore after him, and away
rowed the boat's crew back to the ship, leaving the poor wretch
alone to rave away his life in madness, or to sit sunken in his
gloomy despair till death mercifully released him from torment.
It rarely if ever happened that anything was known of him after
having been marooned. A boat's crew from some vessel, sailing by
chance that way, might perhaps find a few chalky bones bleaching
upon the white sand in the garish glare of the sunlight, but that
was all. And such were marooners.

By far the largest number of pirate captains were Englishmen,
for, from the days of good Queen Bess, English sea captains
seemed to have a natural turn for any species of venture that had
a smack of piracy in it, and from the great Admiral Drake of the
old, old days, to the truculent Morgan of buccaneering times, the
Englishman did the boldest and wickedest deeds, and wrought the
most damage.

First of all upon the list of pirates stands the bold Captain
Avary, one of the institutors of marooning. Him we see but
dimly, half hidden by the glamouring mists of legends and
tradition. Others who came afterward outstripped him far enough
in their doings, but he stands pre-eminent as the first of
marooners of whom actual history has been handed down to us of
the present day.

When the English, Dutch, and Spanish entered into an alliance to
suppress buccaneering in the West Indies, certain worthies of
Bristol, in old England, fitted out two vessels to assist in this
laudable project; for doubtless Bristol trade suffered smartly
from the Morgans and the l'Olonoises of that old time. One of
these vessels was named the Duke, of which a certain Captain
Gibson was the commander and Avary the mate.

Away they sailed to the West Indies, and there Avary became
impressed by the advantages offered by piracy, and by the amount
of good things that were to be gained by very little striving.

One night the captain (who was one of those fellows mightily
addicted to punch), instead of going ashore to saturate himself
with rum at the ordinary, had his drink in his cabin in private.
While he lay snoring away the effects of his rum in the cabin,
Avary and a few other conspirators heaved the anchor very
leisurely, and sailed out of the harbor of Corunna, and through
the midst of the allied fleet riding at anchor in the darkness.

By and by, when the morning came, the captain was awakened by the
pitching and tossing of the vessel, the rattle and clatter of the
tackle overhead, and the noise of footsteps passing and
repassing hither and thither across the deck. Perhaps he lay for
a while turning the matter over and over in his muddled head, but
he presently rang the bell, and Avary and another fellow answered
the call.

"What's the matter?" bawls the captain from his berth.

"Nothing," says Avary, coolly.

"Something's the matter with the ship," says the captain. "Does
she drive? What weather is it?"

"Oh no," says Avary; "we are at sea."

"At sea?"

"Come, come!" says Avary: "I'll tell you; you must know that I'm
the captain of the ship now, and you must be packing from this
here cabin. We are bound to Madagascar, to make all of our
fortunes, and if you're a mind to ship for the cruise, why, we'll
be glad to have you, if you will be sober and mind your own
business; if not, there is a boat alongside, and I'll have you
set ashore."

The poor half-tipsy captain had no relish to go a-pirating under
the command of his backsliding mate, so out of the ship he
bundled, and away he rowed with four or five of the crew, who,
like him, refused to join with their jolly shipmates.

The rest of them sailed away to the East Indies, to try their
fortunes in those waters, for our Captain Avary was of a high
spirit, and had no mind to fritter away his time in the West
Indies squeezed dry by buccaneer Morgan and others of lesser
note. No, he would make a bold stroke for it at once, and make or
lose at a single cast.

On his way he picked up a couple of like kind with himself--two
sloops off Madagascar. With these he sailed away to the coast of
India, and for a time his name was lost in the obscurity of
uncertain history. But only for a time, for suddenly it flamed
out in a blaze of glory. It was reported that a vessel belonging
to the Great Mogul, laden with treasure and bearing the monarch's
own daughter upon a holy pilgrimage to Mecca (they being
Mohammedans), had fallen in with the pirates, and after a short
resistance had been surrendered, with the damsel, her court, and
all the diamonds, pearls, silk, silver, and gold aboard. It was
rumored that the Great Mogul, raging at the insult offered to
him through his own flesh and blood, had threatened to wipe out
of existence the few English settlements scattered along the
coast; whereat the honorable East India Company was in a pretty
state of fuss and feathers. Rumor, growing with the telling, has
it that Avary is going to marry the Indian princess, willy-nilly,
and will turn rajah, and eschew piracy as indecent. As for the
treasure itself, there was no end to the extent to which it grew
as it passed from mouth to mouth.

Cracking the nut of romance and exaggeration, we come to the
kernel of the story--that Avary did fall in with an Indian vessel
laden with great treasure (and possibly with the Mogul's daughter),
which he captured, and thereby gained a vast prize.

Having concluded that he had earned enough money by the trade he
had undertaken, he determined to retire and live decently for the
rest of his life upon what he already had. As a step toward this
object, he set about cheating his Madagascar partners out of
their share of what had been gained. He persuaded them to store
all the treasure in his vessel, it being the largest of the
three; and so, having it safely in hand, he altered the course of
his ship one fine night, and when the morning came the Madagascar
sloops found themselves floating upon a wide ocean without a
farthing of the treasure for which they had fought so hard, and
for which they might whistle for all the good it would do them.

At first Avary had a great part of a mind to settle at Boston, in
Massachusetts, and had that little town been one whit less bleak
and forbidding, it might have had the honor of being the home of
this famous man. As it was, he did not like the looks of it, so
he sailed away to the eastward, to Ireland, where he settled
himself at Biddeford, in hopes of an easy life of it for the rest
of his days.

Here he found himself the possessor of a plentiful stock of
jewels, such as pearls, diamonds, rubies, etc., but with hardly a
score of honest farthings to jingle in his breeches pocket. He
consulted with a certain merchant of Bristol concerning the
disposal of the stones--a fellow not much more cleanly in his
habits of honesty than Avary himself. This worthy undertook to
act as Avary's broker. Off he marched with the jewels, and that
was the last that the pirate saw of his Indian treasure.

Perhaps the most famous of all the piratical names to American
ears are those of Capt. Robert Kidd and Capt. Edward Teach, or
"Blackbeard."

Nothing will be ventured in regard to Kidd at this time, nor in
regard to the pros and cons as to whether he really was or was
not a pirate, after all. For many years he was the very hero of
heroes of piratical fame, there was hardly a creek or stream or
point of land along our coast, hardly a convenient bit of good
sandy beach, or hump of rock, or water- washed cave, where
fabulous treasures were not said to have been hidden by this
worthy marooner. Now we are assured that he never was a pirate,
and never did bury any treasure, excepting a certain chest, which
he was compelled to hide upon Gardiner's Island--and perhaps even
it was mythical.

So poor Kidd must be relegated to the dull ranks of simply
respectable people, or semirespectable people at best.

But with "Blackbeard" it is different, for in him we have a real,
ranting, raging, roaring pirate per se--one who really did bury
treasure, who made more than one captain walk the plank, and who
committed more private murders than he could number on the
fingers of both hands; one who fills, and will continue to fill,
the place to which he has been assigned for generations, and who
may be depended upon to hold his place in the confidence of
others for generations to come.

Captain Teach was a Bristol man born, and learned his trade on
board of sundry privateers in the East Indies during the old
French war--that of 1702--and a better apprenticeship could no
man serve. At last, somewhere about the latter part of the year
1716, a privateering captain, one Benjamin Hornigold, raised him
from the ranks and put him in command of a sloop--a lately
captured prize and Blackbeard's fortune was made. It was a very
slight step, and but the change of a few letters, to convert
"privateer" into "pirate," and it was a very short time before
Teach made that change. Not only did he make it himself, but he
persuaded his old captain to join with him.

And now fairly began that series of bold and lawless depredations
which have made his name so justly famous, and which placed him
among the very greatest of marooning freebooters.

"Our hero," says the old historian who sings of the arms and
bravery of this great man--"our hero assumed the cognomen of
Blackbeard from that large quantity of hair which, like a
frightful meteor, covered his whole face, and frightened America
more than any comet that appeared there in a long time. He was
accustomed to twist it with ribbons into small tails, after the
manner of our Ramillies wig, and turn them about his ears. In
time of action he wore a sling over his shoulders, with three
brace of pistols, hanging in holsters like bandoleers; he stuck
lighted matches under his hat, which, appearing on each side of
his face, and his eyes naturally looking fierce and wild, made
him altogether such a figure that imagination cannot form an idea
of a Fury from hell to look more frightful."

The night before the day of the action in which he was killed he
sat up drinking with some congenial company until broad daylight.
One of them asked him if his poor young wife knew where his
treasure was hidden. "No," says Blackbeard; "nobody but the
devil and I knows where it is, and the longest liver shall have all."

As for that poor young wife of his, the life that he and his
rum-crazy shipmates led her was too terrible to be told.

For a time Blackbeard worked at his trade down on the Spanish
Main, gathering, in the few years he was there, a very neat
little fortune in the booty captured from sundry vessels; but by
and by he took it into his head to try his luck along the coast
of the Carolinas; so off he sailed to the northward, with quite a
respectable little fleet, consisting of his own vessel and two
captured sloops. From that time he was actively engaged in the
making of American history in his small way.

He first appeared off the bar of Charleston Harbor, to the no
small excitement of the worthy town of that ilk, and there he lay
for five or six days, blockading the port, and stopping incoming
and outgoing vessels at his pleasure, so that, for the time, the
commerce of the province was entirely paralyzed. All the vessels
so stopped he held as prizes, and all the crews and passengers
(among the latter of whom was more than one provincial worthy of
the day) he retained as though they were prisoners of war.

And it was a mightily awkward thing for the good folk of
Charleston to behold day after day a black flag with its white
skull and crossbones fluttering at the fore of the pirate
captain's craft, over across the level stretch of green salt
marshes; and it was mightily unpleasant, too, to know that this
or that prominent citizen was crowded down with the other
prisoners under the hatches.

One morning Captain Blackbeard finds that his stock of medicine
is low. "Tut!" says he, "we'll turn no hair gray for that." So
up he calls the bold Captain Richards, the commander of his
consort the Revenge sloop, and bids him take Mr. Marks (one of
his prisoners), and go up to Charleston and get the medicine.
There was no task that suited our Captain Richards better than
that. Up to the town he rowed, as bold as brass. "Look ye," says
he to the governor, rolling his quid of tobacco from one cheek to
another--"look ye, we're after this and that, and if we don't get
it, why, I'll tell you plain, we'll burn them bloody crafts of
yours that we've took over yonder, and cut the weasand of every
clodpoll aboard of 'em."

There was no answering an argument of such force as this, and the
worshipful governor and the good folk of Charleston knew very
well that Blackbeard and his crew were the men to do as they
promised. So Blackbeard got his medicine, and though it cost the
colony two thousand dollars, it was worth that much to the town
to be quit of him.

They say that while Captain Richards was conducting his
negotiations with the governor his boat's crew were stumping
around the streets of the town, having a glorious time of it,
while the good folk glowered wrathfully at them, but dared
venture nothing in speech or act.

Having gained a booty of between seven and eight thousand dollars
from the prizes captured, the pirates sailed away from Charleston
Harbor to the coast of North Carolina.

And now Blackbeard, following the plan adopted by so many others
of his kind, began to cudgel his brains for means to cheat his
fellows out of their share of the booty.

At Topsail Inlet he ran his own vessel aground, as though by
accident. Hands, the captain of one of the consorts, pretending
to come to his assistance, also grounded HIS sloop. Nothing now
remained but for those who were able to get away in the other
craft, which was all that was now left of the little fleet. This
did Blackbeard with some forty of his favorites. The rest of the
pirates were left on the sand spit to await the return of their
companions--which never happened.

As for Blackbeard and those who were with him, they were that
much richer, for there were so many the fewer pockets to fill.
But even yet there were too many to share the booty, in
Blackbeard's opinion, and so he marooned a parcel more of
them--some eighteen or twenty--upon a naked sand bank, from which
they were afterward mercifully rescued by another freebooter who
chanced that way--a certain Major Stede Bonnet, of whom more will
presently be said. About that time a royal proclamation had been
issued offering pardon to all pirates in arms who would surrender
to the king's authority before a given date. So up goes Master
Blackbeard to the Governor of North Carolina and makes his neck
safe by surrendering to the proclamation--albeit he kept tight
clutch upon what he had already gained.

And now we find our bold Captain Blackbeard established in the
good province of North Carolina, where he and His Worship the
Governor struck up a vast deal of intimacy, as profitable as it
was pleasant. There is something very pretty in the thought of
the bold sea rover giving up his adventurous life (excepting now
and then an excursion against a trader or two in the neighboring
sound, when the need of money was pressing); settling quietly
down into the routine of old colonial life, with a young wife of
sixteen at his side, who made the fourteenth that he had in
various ports here and there in the world.

Becoming tired of an inactive life, Blackbeard afterward resumed
his piratical career. He cruised around in the rivers and inlets
and sounds of North Carolina for a while, ruling the roost and
with never a one to say him nay, until there was no bearing with
such a pest any longer. So they sent a deputation up to the
Governor of Virginia asking if he would be pleased to help them
in their trouble.

There were two men-of-war lying at Kicquetan, in the James River,
at the time. To them the Governor of Virginia applies, and
plucky Lieutenant Maynard, of the Pearl, was sent to Ocracoke
Inlet to fight this pirate who ruled it down there so like the
cock of a walk. There he found Blackbeard waiting for him, and
as ready for a fight as ever the lieutenant himself could be.
Fight they did, and while it lasted it was as pretty a piece of
business of its kind as one could wish to see. Blackbeard drained
a glass of grog, wishing the lieutenant luck in getting aboard of
him, fired a broadside, blew some twenty of the lieutenant's men
out of existence, and totally crippled one of his little sloops
for the balance of the fight. After that, and under cover of the
smoke, the pirate and his men boarded the other sloop, and then
followed a fine old-fashioned hand-to-hand conflict betwixt him
and the lieutenant. First they fired their pistols, and then they
took to it with cutlasses--right, left, up and down, cut and
slash--until the lieutenant's cutlass broke short off at the
hilt. Then Blackbeard would have finished him off handsomely,
only up steps one of the lieutenant's men and fetches him a great
slash over the neck, so that the lieutenant came off with no more
hurt than a cut across the knuckles.

At the very first discharge of their pistols Blackbeard had been
shot through the body, but he was not for giving up for that--not
he. As said before, he was of the true roaring, raging breed of
pirates, and stood up to it until he received twenty more cutlass
cuts and five additional shots, and then fell dead while trying
to fire off an empty pistol. After that the lieutenant cut off
the pirate's head, and sailed away in triumph, with the bloody
trophy nailed to the bow of his battered sloop.

Those of Blackbeard's men who were not killed were carried off to
Virginia, and all of them tried and hanged but one or two, their
names, no doubt, still standing in a row in the provincial records.

But did Blackbeard really bury treasures, as tradition says,
along the sandy shores he haunted?

Master Clement Downing, midshipman aboard the Salisbury, wrote a
book after his return from the cruise to Madagascar, whither the
Salisbury had been ordered, to put an end to the piracy with
which those waters were infested. He says:

"At Guzarat I met with a Portuguese named Anthony de Sylvestre;
he came with two other Portuguese and two Dutchmen to take on in
the Moor's service, as many Europeans do. This Anthony told me
he had been among the pirates, and that he belonged to one of the
sloops in Virginia when Blackbeard was taken. He informed me that
if it should be my lot ever to go to York River or Maryland, near
an island called Mulberry Island, provided we went on shore at
the watering place, where the shipping used most commonly to
ride, that there the pirates had buried considerable sums of
money in great chests well clamped with iron plates. As to my
part, I never was that way, nor much acquainted with any that
ever used those parts; but I have made inquiry, and am informed
that there is such a place as Mulberry Island. If any person who
uses those parts should think it worth while to dig a little way
at the upper end of a small cove, where it is convenient to land,
he would soon find whether the information I had was well
grounded. Fronting the landing place are five trees, among which,
he said, the money was hid. I cannot warrant the truth of this
account; but if I was ever to go there, I should find some means
or other to satisfy myself, as it could not be a great deal out
of my way. If anybody should obtain the benefit of this account,
if it please God that they ever come to England, 'tis hoped they
will remember whence they had this information."

Another worthy was Capt. Edward Low, who learned his trade of
sail-making at good old Boston town, and piracy at Honduras. No
one stood higher in the trade than he, and no one mounted to more
lofty altitudes of bloodthirsty and unscrupulous wickedness. 'Tis
strange that so little has been written and sung of this man of might,
for he was as worthy of story and of song as was Blackbeard.

It was under a Yankee captain that he made his first cruise--down
to Honduras, for a cargo of logwood, which in those times was no
better than stolen from the Spanish folk.

One day, lying off the shore, in the Gulf of Honduras, comes
Master Low and the crew of the whaleboat rowing across from the
beach, where they had been all morning chopping logwood.

"What are you after?" says the captain, for they were coming back
with nothing but themselves in the boat.

"We're after our dinner," says Low, as spokesman of the party.

"You'll have no dinner," says the captain, "until you fetch off
another load."

"Dinner or no dinner, we'll pay for it," says Low, wherewith he
up with a musket, squinted along the barrel, and pulled the trigger.

Luckily the gun hung fire, and the Yankee captain was spared to
steal logwood a while longer.

All the same, that was no place for Ned Low to make a longer
stay, so off he and his messmates rowed in a whaleboat, captured
a brig out at sea, and turned pirates.

He presently fell in with the notorious Captain Lowther, a fellow
after his own kidney, who put the finishing touches to his
education and taught him what wickedness he did not already know.

And so he became a master pirate, and a famous hand at his craft,
and thereafter forever bore an inveterate hatred of all Yankees
because of the dinner he had lost, and never failed to smite
whatever one of them luck put within his reach. Once he fell in
with a ship off South Carolina--the Amsterdam Merchant, Captain
Williamson, commander--a Yankee craft and a Yankee master. He
slit the nose and cropped the ears of the captain, and then
sailed merrily away, feeling the better for having marred a
Yankee.

New York and New England had more than one visit from the doughty
captain, each of which visits they had good cause to remember,
for he made them smart for it.

Along in the year 1722 thirteen vessels were riding at anchor in
front of the good town of Marblehead. Into the harbor sailed a
strange craft. "Who is she?" say the townsfolk, for the coming
of a new vessel was no small matter in those days.

Who the strangers were was not long a matter of doubt. Up goes
the black flag, and the skull and crossbones to the fore.

"'Tis the bloody Low," say one and all; and straightway all was
flutter and commotion, as in a duck pond when a hawk pitches and
strikes in the midst.

It was a glorious thing for our captain, for here were thirteen
Yankee crafts at one and the same time. So he took what he
wanted, and then sailed away, and it was many a day before
Marblehead forgot that visit.

Some time after this he and his consort fell foul of an English
sloop of war, the Greyhound, whereby they were so roughly handled
that Low was glad enough to slip away, leaving his consort and
her crew behind him, as a sop to the powers of law and order. And
lucky for them if no worse fate awaited them than to walk the
dreadful plank with a bandage around the blinded eyes and a rope
around the elbows. So the consort was taken, and the crew tried
and hanged in chains, and Low sailed off in as pretty a bit of
rage as ever a pirate fell into.

The end of this worthy is lost in the fogs of the past: some say
that he died of a yellow fever down in New Orleans; it was not at
the end of a hempen cord, more's the pity.

Here fittingly with our strictly American pirates should stand
Major Stede Bonnet along with the rest. But in truth he was only
a poor half- and-half fellow of his kind, and even after his hand
was fairly turned to the business he had undertaken, a qualm of
conscience would now and then come across him, and he would make
vast promises to forswear his evil courses.

However, he jogged along in his course of piracy snugly enough
until he fell foul of the gallant Colonel Rhett, off Charleston
Harbor, whereupon his luck and his courage both were suddenly
snuffed out with a puff of powder smoke and a good rattling
broadside. Down came the "Black Roger" with its skull and
crossbones from the fore, and Colonel Rhett had the glory of
fetching back as pretty a cargo of scoundrels and cutthroats as
the town ever saw.

After the next assizes they were strung up, all in a row--evil
apples ready for the roasting.

"Ned" England was a fellow of different blood--only he snapped
his whip across the back of society over in the East Indies and
along the hot shores of Hindustan.

The name of Capt. Howel Davis stands high among his fellows. He
was the Ulysses of pirates, the beloved not only of Mercury, but
of Minerva.

He it was who hoodwinked the captain of a French ship of double
the size and strength of his own, and fairly cheated him into the
surrender of his craft without the firing of a single pistol or
the striking of a single blow; he it was who sailed boldly into
the port of Gambia, on the coast of Guinea, and under the guns of
the castle, proclaiming himself as a merchant trading for slaves.

The cheat was kept up until the fruit of mischief was ripe for
the picking; then, when the governor and the guards of the castle
were lulled into entire security, and when Davis's band was
scattered about wherever each man could do the most good, it was
out pistol, up cutlass, and death if a finger moved. They tied
the soldiers back to back, and the governor to his own armchair,
and then rifled wherever it pleased them. After that they sailed
away, and though they had not made the fortune they had hoped to
glean, it was a good snug round sum that they shared among them.

Their courage growing high with success, they determined to
attempt the island of Del Principe--a prosperous Portuguese
settlement on the coast. The plan for taking the place was
cleverly laid, and would have succeeded, only that a Portuguese
negro among the pirate crew turned traitor and carried the news
ashore to the governor of the fort. Accordingly, the next day,
when Captain Davis came ashore, he found there a good strong
guard drawn up as though to honor his coming. But after he and
those with him were fairly out of their boat, and well away from
the water side, there was a sudden rattle of musketry, a cloud of
smoke, and a dull groan or two. Only one man ran out from under
that pungent cloud, jumped into the boat, and rowed away; and
when it lifted, there lay Captain Davis and his companions all of
a heap, like a pile of old clothes.

Capt. Bartholomew Roberts was the particular and especial pupil
of Davis, and when that worthy met his death so suddenly and so
unexpectedly in the unfortunate manner above narrated, he was
chosen unanimously as the captain of the fleet, and he was a
worthy pupil of a worthy master. Many were the poor fluttering
merchant ducks that this sea hawk swooped upon and struck; and
cleanly and cleverly were they plucked before his savage clutch
loosened its hold upon them.

"He made a gallant figure," says the old narrator, "being dressed
in a rich crimson waistcoat and breeches and red feather in his
hat, a gold chain around his neck, with a diamond cross hanging
to it, a sword in his hand, and two pair of pistols hanging at
the end of a silk sling flung over his shoulders according to the
fashion of the pyrates." Thus he appeared in the last engagement
which he fought--that with the Swallow--a royal sloop of war. A
gallant fight they made of it, those bulldog pirates, for,
finding themselves caught in a trap betwixt the man-of-war and
the shore, they determined to bear down upon the king's vessel,
fire a slapping broadside into her, and then try to get away,
trusting to luck in the doing, and hoping that their enemy might
be crippled by their fire.

Captain Roberts himself was the first to fall at the return fire
of the Swallow; a grapeshot struck him in the neck, and he fell
forward across the gun near to which he was standing at the time.
A certain fellow named Stevenson, who was at the helm, saw him
fall, and thought he was wounded. At the lifting of the arm the
body rolled over upon the deck, and the man saw that the captain
was dead. "Whereupon," says the old history, "he" [Stevenson]
"gushed into tears, and wished that the next shot might be his
portion." After their captain's death the pirate crew had no
stomach for more fighting; the "Black Roger" was struck, and one
and all surrendered to justice and the gallows.

Such is a brief and bald account of the most famous of these
pirates. But they are only a few of a long list of notables, such
as Captain Martel, Capt. Charles Vane (who led the gallant
Colonel Rhett, of South Carolina, such a wild-goose chase in and
out among the sluggish creeks and inlets along the coast), Capt.
John Rackam, and Captain Anstis, Captain Worley, and Evans, and
Philips, and others--a score or more of wild fellows whose very names
made ship captains tremble in their shoes in those good old times.

And such is that black chapter of history of the past--an evil
chapter, lurid with cruelty and suffering, stained with blood and
smoke. Yet it is a written chapter, and it must be read. He who
chooses may read betwixt the lines of history this great truth:
Evil itself is an instrument toward the shaping of good.
Therefore the history of evil as well as the history of good
should be read, considered, and digested.

****

< BACK    NEXT >

| Home | Reading Room | Howard Pyle's Book of Pirates